Categoría: Osteartrosis

Citación académica


Referencia # 64 en:
Clinical Science January 2016; 130(9)
Interleukin-1 induces fibroblast growth factor 2 expression and subsequently promotes endothelial progenitor cell angiogenesis in chondrocytes.

ChienC.-y. HuangC.-h. Tsai et al:

https://alejandromeloflorianmdbio.wordpress.com/2018/08/12/academic-quote/

Cita 2

Sobre artrosis degenerativa – Información miscelánea de interés.


Tomado de original https://osteomuscularnews.wordpress.com/2015/03/21/sobre-artrosis-degenerativa-informacion-miscelanea-de-interes/

tumblr_nl2x3vcS8T1tf1n3mo1_500

La artrosis es una enfermedad de muy lenta evolución en el tiempo, por lo cual se tiende a infravalorar verla desde un punto de vista terapéutico, considerándola principalmente un “síndrome doloroso” para el cual el tratamiento consiste en analgésicos y anti-inflamatorios. Pero lo cierto es que el cartílago hialino es un tejido dinámico, aunque de crecimiento muy lento en el tiempo, lo cual hace que intervenciones clínicas para modificar la evolución de la enfermedad, con los llamados “modificadores estructurales” todavía sean materia de controversia.

Y ahora la concepción de la enfermedad articular degenerativa se ha orientado a falla articular, del mismo modo que ocurre con falla cardíaca o renal, lo cual justifica un manejo más enfocado en el seguimiento y terapia a largo plazo.

El interés de hacer que haya más conciencia sobre esta enfermedad ha motivado publicaciones en diferentes sitios de la web. Más información en los siguientes links:

https://medium.com/@alejandromelo00/cart%C3%ADlago-articular-introducci%C3%B3n-a-morfofisiolog%C3%ADa-17dd8c463c4d
Artículo sobre cartílago hialino en sitio web Medium 

http://www.researchgate.net/publication/215744866_Cartlago_articular_introduccin_a_morfofisiologa
Artículo descargable en formato pdf sobre cartílago hialino, en sitio web Research Gate 

https://www.academia.edu/7483362/IL-1_y_TGF_Beta_Importancia_en_patog%C3%A9nesis_de_osteoartritis
Exposición del autor sobre interleucina uno y factor transformador de crecimiento tipo beta en osteoartrosis, dictada en Congreso IOCIM en Riviera Maya en Junio de 2014 

https://osteomuscularnews.wordpress.com/category/osteoarthritis/
Compilación sobre patologías osteomusculares en sitio web WordPress 

http://learni.st/users/1109587/boards/100638-enfermedades-reum-ticas
Compilación sobre enfermedades reumáticas en sitio web Learnist 

https://www.academia.edu/898728/TGF-%CE%B2_role_in_osteoarthritis._A_review
El papel del factor transformador de crecimiento tipo beta en osteoartrosis

https://osteomuscularnews.wordpress.com/2014/10/18/generalidades-de-aparato-osteoarticular/
Generalidades de Aparato Osteoarticular 

https://www.academia.edu/1740864/Sinovitis_por_IL-1_en_articulaciones_zigapofisiarias_y_utilidad_de_diacere%C3%ADna
Sinovitis en articulaciones zigoapofisiarias de columna y utilidad de diacereína 

https://osteomuscularnews.wordpress.com/2011/11/27/9/
Nociones de biología y metabolismo óseo 

http://nuevoenmedicina.blogspot.com/2013/12/osteoartrosis-o-enfermedad-articular.html
Explicación sobre la artrosis, para pacientes 

http://nuevoenmedicina.blogspot.com/2014/01/artrosis-de-rodilla.html?spref=bl
Información sobre qué es la artrosis de rodilla 

http://issuu.com/alejandromeloflorian/docs/a_melo_open_journal_of_medicine_201/1?e=2832809/5356081
Sobre el papel de la interleucina uno en artrosis, publicado en idioma inglés en la revista Open Journal of Medicine 

http://www.scoop.it/t/temas-sobre-reumatologia-y-aparato-osteomuscular
Compilación de publicaciones propias y de literatura sobre estos temas de aparato osteoarticular en sitio Web Scoop.it 

http://alejandromeloflorian-osteomuscular.blogspot.com/
Información sobre patología osteomuscular en sitio web Blogger 

http://issuu.com/alejandromeloflorian/docs/oxaproxin_pla
Novedades terapéuticas con antiinflamatorio oxaprozin

Nota: El contenido de este documento no reemplaza el adecuado consejo del médico tratante.

More information about HONcode


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http://nuevoenmedicina.blogspot.com/2014/01/

Este material sirve para ayudar a explicar determinadas condiciones al paciente, siempre y cuando se haga con la adecuada orientación por parte del médico tratante.

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Alejandro Melo -Florián MD: Brief Profile


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Biblioteca de temas en Osteomuscular


Biblioteca de temas en Osteomuscular

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Imagen de cartílago por microscopía electrónica de barrido

Imágenes de osteoclastos
Con modificaciones de Harner & Hiatt: Atlas a color de histología



Recursos en la web

IL-1 and its role in osteoarthritis

Alejandro Melo Florián

Abstract

Given the high and rising figures of people with osteoarthritis, knowledge of newfactors defining course and evolution of the disease are important, when consideringnew pharmacological targets. IL-1 is a very important cytokine in the early stepsof osteoarthritis, giving the high sensitivity of the chondrocytes to this cytokine,and it can be considered the bridge permiting the dialogue between the differentstructures of the articulation, in such a way that the cartilage is not the only tissueaffected in OA. IL-1 increases the destruction of the extracellular matrix of the cartilageincreasing the collagenolytic activity of metalloproteases, increasing activity ofnytric oxide ON, wich can induce apoptosis of chondrocytes. Interestingly, IL-1 further induces changes in the homeostasis of the cartilage, lessening activity of growthfactors, such as TGF-beta.

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Alejandro Melo-Florián

Writer, Internal Medicine specialist. Bogotá D.C -Colombia
Colombia
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IL-1 and its role in osteoarthritis


IL-1 and its role in osteoarthritis

A new paradigm in physiopathology of a very common osteoarticular disease

Given the high and rising figures of people with osteoarthritis, knowledge of new factors defining course and evolution of the disease are important, when considering new pharmacological targets.
IL-1 is a very important cytokine in the early steps of osteoarthritis, giving the high sensitivity of the chondrocytes to this cytokine, and it can be considered the bridge permiting the dialogue between the different structures of the articulation, in such a way that the cartilage is not the only tissue affected in OA.
IL-1 increases the destruction of the extracellular matrix of the cartilage increasing the collagenolytic activity of metalloproteases, increasing activity of nytric oxide ON, wich can induce apoptosis of chondrocytes. Interestingly, IL-1 further induces changes in the homeostasis of the cartilage, lessening activity of growth factors, such as TGF-beta.

Key words: IL-1 – osteoarthritis – MMP – nytric oxide – cartilage homeostasis

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Osteoarthritis impact and magnitude

Osteoarthritis (OA) is the most common joint disease and it is ranked among the most frequent and symptomatic causing health-problems disease for middle-aged people as well as in the elderly. The main characteristic of OA is an imbalance between chondrocyte anabolic and catabolic activities, as it is described in the section of cartilage homeostasis. 
The implications of this burden are poor quality of life, restrictions in daily activities and progressive disability (van der Waal JM et al, 2005).

The biggest condition causing disability is osteoarthritis, and altogether with joint pain in older people—will be an increasingly important public health concern in the elderly.

Osteoarthritis pathophysiology

Extracellular matrix
of the cartilage
Degenerative articular disease is best characterized by a lost of the equilibrium or changes in the cartilage homeostasis, and it means further degradation of the molecules of the cartilage matrix.
    The lost of proteoglycans and another macromolecules from cartilage yields in a progresive tisular destruction, causing deterioration of the smooth cartilage surface (Pujol JP, 1998).
    The extracellular matrix represents the microenvironment for the chondrocytes, in addition to its mechanical importance.

Loss of cartilage homeostasis

During joint disease, the normal equilibrium in cartilage is disrupted and the rate of loss of collagens and proteoglycans from the matrix clearly exceed the rate of deposition of newly synthesized molecules, resulting in cartilage damage (Goldring MB & Marcu KB, 2009)

Synovitis in osteoarthritis

Synovial inflamation occurs early in OA and can be subclinical, as arthroscopic studies suggest that localized proliferative and inflammatory changes of the synovium occur in up to 50% of OA patients (many of whom do not appear to have active inflammation) (Krasnokutsky S et al, 2007).
 
Superficial synovial cells in synovial membrane

    The synovium produces some of the chemokines and metalloproteinases that degrade cartilage, even though the chondrocytes produces mostly of these destructive molecules. This picture is attributted to the presence of IL-1 in the synoviocites. 

    Synovitis plays a stablished role in the progression of osteoarthritis and the overproduction of cytokines specially interleukin 1 and growth factors from the inflamed synovium can influence the production of degradative enzymes such as matrix metalloproteases causing the destruction of cartilage (Bondeson J et al, 2006)

Chondrocyte role in cartilage maintenance

The chondrocytes are the only cell type found in cartilage and it regulates the maintenance of the cartilage extracellular matrix.
Hematoxillin and eosin dye of hyaline cartilage 
Head arrows shows chondrocytes.
    The maintenance of articular cartilage integrity requires a delicate balance between anabolic process (synthesis) and anabolic process (degradation). In this delicate balance it is well known that cytokin IL-1 increases the degradation of proteoglycans and collagens.

Cartilage homeostasis

The adult articular cartilage shows a slow tissue turnover. In this turnover, new optimal tissue bearing biomechanical stress is built and defective tissue is removed. Thus, one of the most important issues in osteoarthritis research is to understand the adequate homeostasis of catabolic and anabolic factors in articular cartilage (Aigner T et al, 2006).
    Whereas the matrix is the functional component of the articular cartilage, the chondrocytes as the cell population of the cartilage are responsible for the homeostasis of this tissue. In normal conditions, each chondrocyte  interacts with this pericellular matrix in order to keep their cellular phenotype stable.
    In that way chondrocytes are responsible for maintaining in a low-turnover state the unique composition and organization of the matrix.    
     
    A big deal of research in vitro and in vivo in the past two decades confirmed that chondrocytes in hyaline cartilage respond to mechanical injury, joint instability due to genetic factors, and biological stimuli such as cytokines and growth and differentiation factors. These molecules contribute to structural changes in the surrounding cartilage matrix (Goldring MB & Marcu KB, 2009)
Chondrocyte 

 

    Cartilage homeostasis is the result of an equilibrated production and destruction of the ECM, but in osteoarthritis destruction predominates beacause of an excessive production of IL-1 induced metalloproteases, going simultaneously with IL-1 induced alteration of the local growing factors such as TGF-beta (Pujol JP, 1998).  

Description of IL-1

Interleukin (IL)-1 is a cytokine that plays a major role in inflammatory responses in the context of infections and immune-mediated diseases.
    IL-1 is a very low molecular weight soluble peptide of the family of glycoproteins, produced and secreted in an inactive form, called proIL-1. Il-1 acts in very small quantities in the order of picomoles, suggesting there exist an in situ mechanism acting whether in a paracrine or in an autocrine way. Il-1 has no enzimatic activity (Mathieu P, 1999).
    IL-1 refers to two different cytokines, termed IL-1alpha and IL-1beta, and they are produced from the activity of two genes. (Jacques C et al, 2006)
 
Interleukin-1 beta (IL-1F2) was detected in inmersion fixed LPS-stimulated rat splenocytes using rat IL-1 beta antigen-purified policlonal antibody at 5 mcg/mL for 3 hours at room temperature


Interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1F1) was detected in inmersion fixed monensin human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), using human IL-1 alpha monoclonal antibodies at 10 mcg/ml for 3 hours at room temperature.

Images by kind courtesy of Tim Manning,  http://www.rndsystems.com

Links for images: IL-1 beta
IL-1 alpha

IL-1 production

It is considered three structures producing IL-1 in the articulation and triggering destruction in OA.
Such an structures are, according to Mathieu (1999):
  • The synovial membrane. The synthesis of IL-1 is triggered by the resorption of debris cartilage appearing in the articular cavity when there is defragmentation of proteoglycans aggregates. IL-1 present in the synovial fluid penetrates troughout the fissures of fibrilation in cartilage and then reaches the deep layers of the cartilage.
  • The bone from areas directly in contact with the calcified cartilage.
  • The cartilage because of the mechanical stimulation of chondrocytes.

Levels of IL-1 in OA patients

It has been quantificated by ELISA method, employing murine antibodies to bind directly to IL-1 and rabbit antibodies marked with alkaline phosphatase to bind to the murine antibodies;  the levels of Il-1 in OA, were 2,47 pg/mL at day 0, and with administration of diacerhein 100 mg daily the levels down up to 0,28 pg/mL at day 28 (Mathieu 1999).

Nevertheles this figures, there is controversy to correlate high levels with development of OA because there is high sensitivity of the chondrocytes to IL-1 and is known that OA chondrocytes are x4 times more sensitive to deleterious effects of IL-1 when compared to normal chondrocytes.

IL-1 and its role in the pathophysiology of osteoarthrtitis

IL-1 stimulates the synthesis and activity of matrix metalloproteinases and other enzymes involved in cartilage destruction in rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis.
    Cytokines produced by the synovium and chondrocytes, especially interleukin IL-1 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) ), play a significant role in the degradation of cartilage (De Isla & Stoltz JF, 2008)
    The initial stages of cartilage damage are characterized by a loosening of the collagen network and a loss of proteoglycans starting in the superficial and upper middle zones. This damage spreads to deeper cartilage layers as the OA joint degeneration is going on. This type of damage is at least potentially reversible, due to the possibility of an effective increasing in the turnover of the proteoglycans in the adult tissue (Aigner T et al, 2006).
    IL-1 is a potent pro-inflammatory cytokine capable of inducing chondrocytes and synovial cells to synthesize MMPs. Furthermore, IL-1 suppresses the synthesis of type II collagen and proteoglycans, and inhibits transforming growth factor-ß stimulated chondrocyte proliferation. Further the presence of IL-1 RNA and protein have been confirmed in OA joints.
    IL-1 further diminishes expression in the cartilage matrix of the type II and IX collagens (Pujol JP 1998). IL-1 beta has been shown to be predominantly involved in the pathophysiology and progression of osteoarthritis.

IL-1 and its effects in chondrocyte

¿Why is IL-1 important in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis?

Because chondrocyte is very sensitive to the effects of IL-1. Barely 1% of the receptors of IL-1 occupied in the surface of the cartilage, changes the fenotype of the chondrocyte to a catabolic one. Further the osteoarthritic chondrocyte is 3-4 times more sensitive to the effects of IL-1 (Mathieu P, 1999)

ICE enzyme and IL-1 beta production

IL-1 gives origin to an active moiety of IL-1 through the action of Interleukin 1 converting enzyme or ICE. This enzyme produce active, mature IL-1beta.
    The level of ICE has been demonstrated to be increased in OA tissues and  according to investigative work of Boileau et al, it has been found to increase the production of active IL-1beta as well as IL-18. ICE is a crucial enzyme in the activation process of IL-1beta and IL-18, two important pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in the progression of OA. (Boileau C et al, 2002)

Nitric oxide and IL-1

The production of nitric oxide (NO), which is stimulated by pro-inflammatory cytokines, is involved in cartilage catabolism and also may induce the apoptosis of chondrocytes.  The NO produced by iNOS in activated chondrocytes in diseased cartilage may modulate disease progression in OA (Studer RK et al, 1999)
    Nitric oxide (NO) is a pleiotropic mediator that has been shown to be intimately involved in the OA and
its inhibition can induce a significant reduction in the progression of structural changes of the disease.
    In another hand, OA chondrocytes have been shown to express iNOS the enzume sintetizing ON and consequently to produce large amounts of NO, especially upon stimulation by proinflammatory cytokines
 (Boileau C et al, 2002)
    Therefore, the oxidant molecule nitric oxide plays multiple roles with respect to chondrocytes because it promotes cartilage degradation, including inhibition of collagen and proteoglycan synthesis, it activates MMP and increased susceptibility to other oxidant injury. nitric oxide further induces oxidative injury int he chondrocyte resulting in premature senescence and apoptosis (Krasnokutsky S et al, 2007)

Growth factors

Growth factors such as transforming growth factor beta stimulate collagens and proteoglycans synthesis by chondrocyte, and reduce the activity of IL-1β stimulated metalloproteases.
By its capability to reduce IL-1 effects and to stimulate TGF-β expression in cultured articular chondrocytes, drugs such as diacerein could elicitate the anabolic processes in the OA cartilage, contributing to delay the progression of the disease, and supporting structure modification in osteoarthritis (DMOAD) (De Isla NG & Stoltz JF 2008).

Metalloproteases

 In OA, synthesis of the enzymes called metalloproteases (MMPs) is greatly enhanced and the available inhibitors (tissue inhibitors of MMP or TIMPs) are overwhelmed, resulting in net degradation of cartilage.
In OA, these degradative enzymes are produced primarily by chondrocytes due to inductive stimuli, including a wide variety of stimules such as mechanical stress, injury with destabilization, cell-matrix interactions, oxidative stress,and changes in growth factor responses (such as TGF-β) during the aging process (Goldring MB & Marcu KB, 2009).

Ways to demonstrate IL-1 is elevated in OA

There is recent research with imaging techniques of magnetic resonance in which significant correlation between IL-1β (r = 0.48, P < 0.05) and fractional anisotropy of the magnetic resonance and inverse correlations between planar anisotropy of the magnetic resonance and IL-1β  and soluble intercelular adhesion molecule (sICAM) (r = 0.48, P < 0.05 and r = 0.49, P < 0.05, respectively) were observed (Aggarwal V et al, 2009).
Mathieu (1999) describe ELISA in synovial fluid of knee OA patients, with range between 2,47 and 0,28 pg/mL.

Pharmacological Inhibition of IL-1: usefulness as treatment in OA

Drugs such as diacerein could inhibit catabolic responses like NO synthesis as well as MMP activity but it could also increase anabolic responses like collagen type II synthesis.
Furthermore, diacerein can inhibit the binding of NF-κB and AP-1 transcription factors, two key factors involved in the expression of several pro-inflammatory genes by chondrocytes, such as the inducible nitric oxide synthase gene, supporting the anti-osteoarthritic effects. (De Isla NG & Stoltz JF 2008).

Conclusions

IL-1 is a glycoprotein of very low molecular weight, acting in paracrine or autocrine pathways in the sensitive cells. Chondrocytes are very sensitive to the actions of IL-1 because with barely 1% of the receptors occupied in the surface, it turns into catabolic fenotype.
    IL-1 induces synthesis of matrix metalloproteases which are the main enzymes implicated in destruction of the ECM components. Further it induces the synthesis of ON, implicated in aging and apoptosis of chondrocytes.
    Homeostasis of the cartilage depends on the equilbrium between destruction and synthesis of the components of ECM, and when IL-1 levels are superior to normal, grow factors such as TGF-beta are affected, halting the anabolic fenotype of the chondrocyte.
    Although determination of IL-1 is not easy because it is present at picomolar levels, some surrogates are being progresively available, such as imaging techniques with magnetic resonance.

Youtube video of IL-1
bluegreenalgae — December 14, 2006 — Interleukin-1 binding to its receptor on a cell surface, created from structural data.

References. 

  • Agarwal V, Kumar M, Singh JK, Rathore RK, Misra R, Gupta RK. (2009) Diffusion tensor anisotropy magnetic resonance imaging: a new tool to assess synovial inflammation.Rheumatology (Oxford).  48(4):378-82. Epub 2009 Jan 27.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19174567
  • Aigner T, Soeder S, Haag J. (2006) IL-1beta and BMPs–interactive players of cartilage matrix degradation and regeneration. Eur Cell Mater; 12:49-56 http://www.ecmjournal.org/journal/papers/vol012/pdf/v012a06.pdf
  • Boileau C, Martel-Pelletier J, Moldovan F Jouzeau JY, Netter P, Manning PT Pelletier JP (2002)The In Situ Up-Regulation of Chondrocyte Interleukin-1–Converting Enzyme and Interleukin-18 Levels in Experimental Osteoarthritis Is Mediated by Nitric Oxide. Arthritis & Rheumatism; 46(10): 2637–2647
  • Bondeson J, Wainwright SD, Lauder S , Amos N, Hughes E ( 2006 ). The role of synovial macrophages and macrophage-produced cytokines in driving aggrecanases, matrix metalloproteinases, and other destructive and inflammatory responses in osteoarthritis.Arthritis Research & Therapy 8:R187 (doi:10.1186/ar2099) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1794533/pdf/ar2099.pdf
  • de Isla NG & Stoltz JF (2008): In vitro inhibition of IL-1β catabolic effects on cartilage: A mechanism involved on diacerein anti-OA properties. Biorheology 45: 433–43
  • Goldring MB & Marcu KB (2009): Cartilage homeostasis in health and rheumatic diseasesArthritis Res & Ther 11:224 (doi:10.1186/ar2592)http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2714092/pdf/ar2592.pdf
  • Jacques C, Gosset M, Berenbaum F, Gabay C (2006). The role of IL-1 and IL-1Ra in joint inflammation and cartilage degradation. Vitam Horm. 74: 371-403.
  • Krasnokutsky S, Samuels J, Abramson SB (2007). Osteoarthritis in 2007. Bull NYU Hosp Jt Dis. 65(3):222-8. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17922674
  • Mathieu P. (1999) L´interleukine 1. Son role, son dosage, ses difficulties d´approche dans l´arthrose. Resultats d´un etude pilote avec la diacerheine (ART 50) dans la gonarthrose.Rev Prat (Paris); 49: S15-S18
  • Pujol JP (1998): Physiopathologie du cartilage arthrosique Rev Prat (Paris) 46: (Suppl 19) S8-S10
  • Studer RK, Jaffurs D, Stefanovic R.M, Robbins P.D.  and Evans C.H. (1999) Nitric oxide in osteoarthritis. Osteoarthr Cartilage 7:377–379.
  • van der Waal JM, Terwee CB, van der Windt DA. (2005) Health-related and overall quality of life of patients with chronic hip and knee complaints in general practice. Qual Life Res14:795–803 . [CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]

    Complementary Web Resources


    Melo-Florián, A: TGF-β role in osteoarthritis. A review [Internet]. Version 18. Open Journal of Medicine. 2011 Sep 8 [revised 2011 Sep 9]. Available from: http://knol.google.com/k/alejandro-melo-florián/tgf-β-role-in-osteoarthritis-a-review/3sktw3ldc86j2/189. http://myopenarchive.org/docs/alejandromelo00/123
    Melo-Florián A: Osteoarthritis and IL-1: the role of diacerhein as a new therapeutical standard. Medicina de Posgrado 2011; April http://issuu.com/alejandromeloflorian/docs/il1_en_oa_med_posg_2011_apr
    Artículo de revisión sobre diacereína, un modificador estructural en OA.
Osteumuscular and Rheumatology Knols by
Alejandro Melo-Florián MD

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